Model Thesis - 31971 Words

Walden University COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by William Yaw Adufutse has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. James Schiro, Committee Chairperson, Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Dr. Thea Singer, Committee Member, Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Dr. Lilburn Hoehn, Committee Member, Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Dr. Cheryl Winsten-Bartlett, University Reviewer Applied Management and Decision Sciences Faculty Chief Academic Officer David Clinefelter, Ph.D. Walden University 2010 ABSTRACT†¦show more content†¦Finally, many thanks go to the love of my life, my childhood friend, my sweetheart, and my wife, Nice Adufutse, who has proven to be a firm pillar of support to me all the way through my studies. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With much appreciation, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Almighty God for giving me the strength, hope, and ability to conclude this lonely journey. I am sincerely grateful for the help and the encouragement I received from my mentor and committee chair, Dr Schiro who has ceaselessly helped me in perfecting my critical thinking abilities and in bringing clarity to my writing. I am very much indebted to Dr. Hoehn who guided me through understanding different research paradigms that I intend to use in my further academic endeavors. My special thanks go to Dr. Singer, a member of my dissertation committee who helped me with my thinking about customer satisfaction. Finally, I am thankful for the editorial work of Steven Peyster who worked diligently in correcting my mistakes and made sure that my writing and logical reasoning meet the high academic standards of doctoral studies. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLESShow MoreRelatedResponse to Turners Essay on The Significance of the Frontier in American History501 Words   |  3 PagesResponse to Turners Essay on The Significance of the Frontier in American History Turners The Significance of the Frontier in American History essay presents the primary model for comprehending American history. Turner developed his notions on the uncovering of the 1890 census that the frontier was coming to an end, that the nation had occupied its continental borders. As Turner discusses in his essay, an extensive era of American development approached an ending, butRead MoreGraduate Writing Center: Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals7304 Words   |  30 PagesWriting a Thesis or Dissertation Proposal 1 Writing Thesis and Dissertation Proposals The Graduate Writing Center of the Center for Excellence in Writing Overview: This workshop will introduce basic principles of writing proposals across a range of disciplines. It will present practical strategies, and it will include examples of successful proposals. Goals 1. To introduce strategies for bridging the gap between coursework/beginning research and thesis writing. 2. To help you understand theRead More History in the Staples Approach Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesnever have come into existence as a leading world power. Since The Wealth of Nations in 1776 economists had moved away from a study of what induces economic development to a study of the allocation of resources . One of the virtues of the staples thesis was its rounded approach to both development and efficient allocation. In the language of Thomas Kuhn (1962) this was a paradigm, reflecting a world view. In Inniss staples approach considerable attention is directed towards the physical characteristicsRead MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 Pageswas due is either a liar or a genius. This document has been formulated to assist you in learning to write effective, intelligent essays. It is divided into the following parts: PART I: Types of Essays PART II: Developing a Thesis from a Topic PART III: Introductions PART IV: The Body Paragraphs PART V: The Rebuttal PART VI: The Conclusion PART VII: Writing an Exam Essay PART VIII: Stylistic Considerations PARTRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion Essay2131 Words   |  9 Pagesreliance on rationalism and empiricism, and the latter s reliance on supernaturalism, as sources of truth. Although a variance of opinion clearly exists, the incompatibility of science and religion—a theory known as the epistemological conflict thesis—emerges as the dominant belief of theologians and scientists alike when addressing the question of the relationship between the two disciplines. According to Historians John H. Evans and Michael S. Evans, there is a deep assumption spread throughRead MoreEmissioning Model Case Study1297 Words   |  6 Pagesbased operating mode identification binning approach. Many studies showed the ability of VSP-based emission models to reflect the transient emission rates under different operating modes as well as the better estimation of vehicle emissions than speed-based emission models (Song et al., 2013). Scora et al. (2011) combin ed real-time traffic data along with the comprehensive modal emission models (CMEM and MOVES) to estimate the environmental measures in real time. The estimation methodology based onRead MoreFashion Sexuality And Fashion Pornography1830 Words   |  8 PagesThe act of pornography has paved the way for sexualized imagery in fashion photography. This thesis examines the increasing sexualisation and its impact on contemporary culture in today’s society. The ever-changing definition of sexualized imagery has started from the 1970’s to contemporary culture.(___) In this research paper we will look at the historical use of sexuality in fashion photography and its role that Tom Ford, Helmet Newton and Calvin Klein have played over the generations within advertisementsRead MoreOptimized Dynamic Latent Topic Model For Big Text Data Analytics7677 Words   |  31 Pages JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Optimized Dynamic Latent Topic Model for Big Text Data Analytics NAME: Geoffrey Mariga Wambugu REGISTRATION NUMBER: CS481-4692/2014 LECTURER: Prof. Waweru Mwangi A thesis proposal submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Unit SCI 4201 Advanced Research Methodology of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Technology at the School of Computing and InformationRead MoreInternet Censorship And The Internet Hackers1567 Words   |  7 Pagesthe structure of a security system generation in addition to the security policies associated with the components of the model and that must be implementing and enforce. The system design phase consisted of a two-step: a) Architectural model. b) A group of security policies at the design level. The main advantages of the most important and desired characteristics of these models is the analysis, this led to placed the start of operations and perform many of the research in the future. In 2003, JuanRead MoreRelational Databases For An Efficient Data Management And Retrieval Of Data1032 Words   |  5 Pages1 Introduction Since 1960 and beyond the need for an efficient data management and retrieval of data has always been an issue due to the growing need in business and academia. To resolve these issues a number of databases models have been created. Relational databases allow data storage, retrieval and manipulation using a standard Structured Query Language (SQL). Until now, relational databases were an optimal enterprise storage choice. However, with an increase in growth of stored and analyzed

Mozi Superiority And The Superiority Of Confucius

Mozi: Superiority and the Mirage of Impartiality In the fourth century B.C.E, a man now known as the first true philosopher of China founded the Mojia or â€Å"Mohist School† of philosophy. This man, of modest origins and most likely a former student of Confucian ideology, was named Mo Di, also referred to as â€Å"Master Mo† and most notably of all, Mozi. Beyond his philosophical expertise, Mozi also played the part as the organizing leader of a revolution and movement that engaged with utilitarian idealism, social justice, and militant frugality. He and his followers lived and thrived under extreme and stringent command, in which Mozi possessed the power to tax, judge, punish, and in some cases, execute his followers. Beyond his structure of†¦show more content†¦Whenever your superior approves of something as right you too must approve of it. Whenever your superior condemns something as wrong you too must condemn it. [...] But if you hear of something good or bad and fail to inform your superior, if you are not able to approve of what your superior approves of and condemn what your superior rejects [...] if you do not obey your superior and you join together with those in subordinate positions–such conduct will be punished by superiors and denounced by the people. This is how superiors shall determine rewards and punishments and they shall make careful examinations to ensure that their judgments are reliable.’ And so, the leader of each village would be the most benevolent person in the village. (Mozi, Chapter 11: Obeying One’s Superior) In this passage, Mozi provides a telling glimpse to the structure of his ideal hierarchy, referencing the â€Å"Son of Heaven† as a powerful entity harnessing the power to rule the people of the world. Given this, Mozi paints an image of a kingdom in which all living things thrive under the rule of Heaven, later alluding the idea of Heaven possessing a will independent of man and behaviour ofShow MoreRelatedMo Tzu1967 Words   |  8 Pageshimself and others. Mo Tzu’s notions of universal love was not only threatening to the Confucian way of thought, it also threatened the very basic clan-tribal relationship early Chinese governments were formed under. These tribal clans emphasized the superiority of their bloodline, in contrast to the commoners, to justify their heavy taxation and other unequal practices. When Mo Tzu criticizes Music in â€Å"Against Music,† he is criticizing the musical practices that have already become synonymous with materialist

New Age Music and Religion Free Essays

New Age music was first introduced in 1964, when Tony Scott recorded â€Å"Music for Zen Meditation.† In the years that followed this impressionistic music became popular in California, but was not sold nationally until the 1980s. Windam Hill is the largest producer of New Age music, grossing some thirty million dollars in 1987, but many competitors have recently come into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on New Age Music and Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a wide variety in style of New Age music, but very often it is dreamy music associated with nature. Typical would be that of Paul Winter who on his saxophone accompanies the sounds of humpback whales, timber wolves, and eagles – letting them â€Å"create† the melody. Other New Age music features the sounds of waterfalls, ocean waves, and crickets (Rhodes: 133). But despite the increasing support of many people to New Age music, its critics also have their own arguments about it. What is New Age music really about and what are the critics’ arguments about its association to religion? All of these and more are discussed as we go along the context. Reflection and Assessment Because it is much a decentralized movement, it is difficult to assess the impact of New Age. There is no doubt that it has already has a powerful influence on Western society, but its future is impossible to predict. Is it a passing fad that will be largely forgotten in decades to come, or is it a movement that has only just begun to gain momentum? In reference, Brooks Alexander writes in Christianity Today: â€Å"Is this just another diversion of New Age, or is it something more enduring?† There are many â€Å"faddish† characteristics of the movement, but fads have sometimes developed into time-honored traditions (Kemp:135). Indeed, there are many signs that New Age on the whole is gaining a powerful foothold in society that will not quickly pass away. This position is gaining credibility among secular scholars. According to Carl A. Raschke, a religion professor at the University of Denver and a student of the movement, New Age is â€Å"the most powerful social force in the country today† (Tucker: 351). New Age Critics By the early 1990s, there was a myriad of Christian critiques of New Age. New Age had replaced ’secular humanism’ as the enemy of traditional Christians. Other Christian anti-New Age works include Douglas Groothuis’ three-part series beginning with Unmasking the New Age (1986) and Walter Martin’s The New Age Cult (1989) (Kemp:135). Innocuous ‘New Age music’ is also condemned for encouraging people to reflect on religion and culture that is not explicitly Christian. John Newport, for example, insists that it is ‘†¦satanically inspired†¦ [and thus] theologically wrong in its roots and in the effects it hopes to achieve’ (Partridge: 255). The mainstream churches have tended to be less overtly hostile in their official responses to New Age than some of the smaller the innovative approach to spirituality. However, their knowledge of New Age is often based on works by Evangelical or fundamentalist Christians and is strongly colored by them (Kemp: 135). New Age Perspective There is a strong spiritual dimension to the New Age. It is not only interested in contemporary philosophies but in ancient wisdom, drawing in an eclectic way from Eastern and Western spiritual-religious traditions, with a contemporary blend of psychology and ecology and a profound interest in such things as metaphysics and sacred geometry. Some New Age movements foster a mystical approach. It can fit within the category of non religious spiritualities, and for some adherents it is like an alternative to religion. For others, New Age practices harmonize with their religious beliefs (Wilber: 348). The New Age is particularly concerned with lifestyle and health. It means a range of human needs from immediate wellbeing to a sense of connectedness with others and the world, and to meaning in life. It also has a commercial dimension catering to consumer spirituality; some practices at the market end of the New Age can be regarded as part of the self-help industry (Tucker: 350). The literature on New Age highlights diversity and spirituality. While beyond our scope here, an appraisal of the spiritual scope of New Age remains an important part of any critical exploration of the contemporary spirituality that affects young people (Kemp: 134). The New Age is mainly an adult and young adult interest. Nevertheless, adolescents and children will be inquisitive about it when they encounter it in the culture. They may well try some practices as part of their experimentation in identity and spirituality. What is likely to appeal to young people is the fluid and non-institutional appearance of the New Age; it does not prescribe beliefs but is based on individuals piecing together their own spirituality to suit their needs and interests. Also attractive would be its existential and lifestyle focus, and its holistic notion of the integration of mind-body-spirit (Crawford and Rossiter: 223). Summary and Conclusion Certain critics may not agree with the music of New Age but it doesn’t deny the fact that a lot of people also patronize the music. Personally, I think New Age music soothes someone’s mood and relaxes a tired mind. Association to religion is optional and should not make other people get bothered about the idea. It’s just a matter of opinion, whether or not to accept New Age music or not. Works Cited: Crawford, Marisa, and Graham Rossiter. Reasons for Living: Education and Young People’s Search for Meaning, Identity and Spirituality. A Handbook. Camberwell, Victoria: Aust Council for Ed Research, 2006. Kemp, Daren. New Age: A Guide : Alternative Spiritualities from Aquarian Conspiracy To. George Square, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004. Partridge, Christopher H. The Re-Enchantment of the West: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture, and Occulture. Vol. 2. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. Rhodes, Ron. The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions: The Essential Guide to Their Doctrine, and Our Response. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2001. Tucker, Ruth. Another Gospel: Alternative Religions and the New Age Movement. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1989. Wilber, Ken. Up from Eden: A Transpersonal View of Human Evolution. Wheaton, Illinois: Quest Books, 1996. How to cite New Age Music and Religion, Essay examples

Hemmingway

Hemmingway-The Sun Also Rises Essay In the novel The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway describes a couple who share a very strange and distant kind of love for each other. This story takes place immediately after World War I, a time of great hardship. This hardship results in a digression of values both morally and socially. The love that Brett and Jake share is symbolic of the general decline in values in that they tolerate behaviors in one another that would have been previously considered unacceptable. It is clear that Lady Brett Ashley is anything but a lady. She is kind and sweet but extremely vulnerable to the harm that various men in her life seem to smother her with. Brett is not happy with her life or her surroundings and seeks escape and refuge in the arms of these men. But her actions seem always to end up hurting her, and she runs back to Jake. Jake knows that he will never be able to have her for his own, and he accepts this as fact. This is clear when the Count asks them ? why don? t you get married, you two? (68)? To this question, they give a lame half hearted awnser which implies that it will never happen. He is tolerant of her behavior because he loves her nconditionally and is willing to overlook everything she does. Jake? s willingness to endure and forgive Brett? s promiscuity and infidelity is an indication of the skewed values of the age. It was an ? anything goes? era right after the first war, and Jakes message to Brett seems to be the same: anything goes as long as you eventually come back to me. Jake is forced to accept living in this seemingly terrible way for more than one reason. He a weak person socially, but he is also physically disabled because of an injury that he suffered during the war. He suffered an njury that caused him to be castrated. The first hint of this is when he says to Georgeette ? I was hurt in the war (24) in refrence to why they can not have physical realtions. This injury is one that makes him insecure, but worse than that, it allows Brett to have almost complete control over him. Jake and Brett need each other emotionally, but Brett feels that she needs more. As a result Jake is force to give her up. Jake? s feelings toward his friend Robert Cohn are a combination jealousy, compassion, understanding, and hate. These are a very unusual group of feelings for a person to ave toward one person, but it was a very unusual time. Jake knew of Robert? s relationship with Brett, and it ate him up with envy, but at the same time he knew how it had ended. He had been close friends with Robert, and had been through a similar situation with Brett, so he had both compassion and understanding for Roberts position. The only problem was the way Robert choose to deal with his feelings. Robert also could not stand to see Brett with another man, but he displayed this much differently. Robert? s presense bothered Jake even though they had been close friends. Robert backs ut of a fishing trip to find Brett, and Jake? s friend makes a comment about that being a good thing. Jake? s only reply is ? You? re damn right(108)?.. Robert makes a fool out of himself. He even beats up Jake at one point. Behavior like his was impossible for Jake to respect and he hated this part of Robert. None of this would have even been a problem if life during that time had been a little more solid in a moral sense. Brett would have not been permitted to act the way she did, while mantaining her social status, which clearly meant a great deal to her. .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 , .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .postImageUrl , .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 , .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:hover , .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:visited , .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:active { border:0!important; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:active , .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84 .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f44bd8dad099cd3c6cbccb8d4243c84:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Waiting Room EssayShe would have had o choose, and most likely her choice would have been that of a more chaste lifestyle. In this story, there is a very different way of life from what people know today. The relationship that Jake and Brett share is one that would seem completely unrealistic in today? s time, but to them, it was acceptable. Jake no doubt would have preferred to have it differently, but he is accepting of the way it stands. The hardship and the poverty that is so widely spread in that area during the post war time causes the people to lower their moral standards. Jake and Brett? s love is the perfect example.

The World Still Needs An Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

Every verse form contains concealed significance. The writer feeds its readers the symbols and metaphors to specify the intent of the verse form – it will be the readers’ imaginativeness to comprehend the truth behind the bodying elements of the poetry. Poets have different ways to assail in their poesy. They can show their feelings towards other people and the society through their verse forms. Once they unleash their angst. the determination will be on the readers’ political orientation – whether to accept the verse form as a fiction or verse form as an eye-opener to the universe. By reading the verse form entitled â€Å"The World Still Needs. † readers will make their impression of societal alteration through political position and declaration. â€Å"The World Still needs. † is a verse form of enlightenment – a manner to run into the truth behind the prevarications and unfair. The writer used different signifiers of symbolic elements to conceal the true kernel of the verse form but one time the readers tried to read each line and stanza carefully. We will write a custom essay sample on The World Still Needs: An Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page they will obtain the poem’s end and thought. The universe needs piano-tuners ( 3 ) . This line shows the constitution of the verse form as it embodies the current state of affairs of the universe. The footings â€Å"piano-tuners† signify alteration that needs to happen. â€Å"Gray fellows† on the other manus signifies white people as the dominant or powerful n the society. The â€Å"deserted boathouse† symbolizes thirst and poorness. The character depicts the verse form with harmoniousness and strategic onslaught. This storyteller easy discussed the battle from the get downing up to the terminal. Because the verse form is a free-verse. the writer can easy depict the intent and kernel of the verse form in a originative mode. However. even if it is a free-verse. the writer used formal words to warrant the ideas and statements – when the piano in the concert-hall / finds texture absolute. a individual solitude†¦ ( 18-19 ) . In footings of the images. the writer developed the emotional attractive force of a adult male and a adult female because from their loneliness. they started to interact with the other and become communal. Even if the verse form has no riming building. it depicts world from simple words and images that the writer used and perceives. Plants Cited Avison. Margaret.The World Still Needs. p. 201.

Does Messy Handwriting Hurt Your SAT Essay Score

Does Messy Handwriting Hurt Your SAT Essay Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Worried about your messy handwriting? It’s tough not to have sloppy handwriting when you’re given only 50 minutes to read a passage, analyze it, and write an essay. How will your handwriting influence your SAT Essay score? Can it cause a lower score? Or even lead to a score of zero? I’ve got the answers along with more SAT Essay advice. Can You Get a Score of Zero for Messy Handwriting? It’s not possible to get a score of zero for any reason on the SAT Essay because the lowest score possible is 2.Your essay is graded on a scale of 1-4 by two readers, and then those scores are added together to give you your final essay score.You could get a 2 because of your handwriting, but it needs to very, very messy.Throughout my years of SAT tutoring, I had many students with handwriting I could barely make out who did find on the SAT essay.My PrepScholar colleagues had the same experience while tutoring. The College Board doesn’t have an official policy on illegible handwriting.However, in their essay grading rubric, the College Board writes that, for a score of 1, the essay shows a weak control of the conventions of standard written English and may contain numerous errors that undermine the quality of writing.Your messy handwriting could be perceived as an error that undermines the quality and ability for the reader to understand our essay. The reality is that all of your handwriting needs to be considered illegible and for you to receive a score of 1.Is your handwriting so terrible that you pick up something you wrote a few months ago and cannot read a single word?I imagine the answer is no.If your handwriting is messy but still legible, you will not automatically receive a 2. If your handwriting is completely indecipherable, you could end up with a 2, but also, not being able to make out a sentence or word here and there could hurt you as well. Don't let your handwriting bring you down! Can You Get Penalized for Some Messy Handwriting? Yes, it’s possible.As I mentioned before, the SAT essay rubric mentions errors that impede on understanding.Errors that undermine the reader’s understanding can reduce your score; those that don’t will not. Therefore, you could be penalized if your handwriting was illegible in certain parts of your essay.For example, if your handwriting was indecipherable for one sentence, but that one sentence was a crucial analysis of the passage that supported your thesis, then you would likely be penalized.If the reader couldn’t understand a single word of that sentence, then your score would likely be affected since the error would undermine the reader’s comprehension of your argument. However, if your messy handwriting doesn’t stop the reader from understanding your argument, then your score probably won’t be affected.If the one sentence that was illegible was in your conclusion and simply summarized a point you’d already made, then you might not be penalized for that since the reader already grasped that point from earlier in your essay. Also, if you simply have slightly sloppy but still decipherable handwriting, then your score likely won’t be affected since the handwriting won’t affect the reader’s experience. 2 Tips to Improve Your Handwriting The safest way to make sure you aren’t penalized for your handwriting is to try to make it more legible, but how? Tip #1: Write Slower This is an easy way to improve.Just write slower and consciously try to make sure you make sure every letter is legible.Most sloppy handwriting is caused by writing way too fast.I know this is tough with only 50 minutes for the SAT essay.However, you’ll get better slowing your handwriting in this limited time with practice. Take as many practice SAT essays as you need to until you’ve mastered the pacing while keeping your handwriting legible.If you need more guidance, read our full step-by-step guide to the SAT essay. Never fear you can better your handwriting! Tip #2: Switch Your Grip and Pressure If slowing down didn’t fix your messy handwriting, then you should try switching your grip and/or changing the pressure you put on the page.A tight grip or strong pressure can make the pencil difficult to maneuver.Try to relax your grip and ease up on the pressure on the pencil.Doing so will allow you to have more control over the pencil’s movement and allow you to create clearer letters. Gripping the pencil closer to the point and farther from the eraser will also help you have more legible handwriting.The closer your hand to the eraser, the harder it is to control the movement of the pencil.Test this out and see the difference.Write the same word with your hand holding the end of the pencil near the eraser and holding the pencil near the point.The latter will be more legible. Handwriting and Disability: What Can You Do? Some students have disabilities that make it difficult to write or can cause writing to be illegible.If you or your child falls into this category, you can request for special accommodations on the SAT.Most students with this issue are allowed to use a computer for the Essay and short response questions. Read more about this special accommodation, including information on how to apply, in our guide toSAT accommodations. Make sure you get this support if you need it! Recap You can't get a zero because the lowest SAT essay score possible is 2. You'll only get a 2if your entire essay is illegible. However, you might still be penalized if just someof your essay is illegible. If the illegible partsimpede the reader's ability to understand your argument, then your score will likely be affected. Therefore, you should try to improve your sloppy handwriting by slowing down, relaxing your grip on your pencil, and relaxing your pressure on the pencil. What’s Next? Want to know more about the SAT Essay? Learn how essay length could influence your score and read our full analysis of the SAT Essay rubric. Need help with overall SAT prep? Check out our free ultimate SAT study guide with individual section strategy information. Trying to figure out where you want to go to college? Read our guide to finding your target school. Already know where you want to go? Read our guide to finding your SAT target score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Discussion Week 5 Question 1 Stock Options Chapter 8 Assignment

Discussion Week 5 Question 1 Stock Options Chapter 8 - Assignment Example Using Wal-Mart Company as an example, the company usually gives options to its employees. Each option covers a maximum of ten years from the time when it is granted. For those who at the time the option is granted own stock which represent 10% of the voting power in stock at the company, the term will not exceed five years. An employee can exercise an option when he gives notice to Wal-Mart and the company receives full payment for the option. An employee can exercise their option when their term ends as long as the option does not have restrictions. This can be done within sixty days. Options are transferable and are disposable to an immediate family; this is a â€Å"Permitted Transfer†. An option cannot is not transferable to another person other than through the â€Å"Permitted Transfer† or by the laws of distribution. The best way that the company can leverage stock options so as to offset employee compensation is by allowing employees to sell, transfer and dispose stock in the open market. This is because many employees see options as being part of their compensation and usually want to exercise them so as to get money. Restricting this to just family members is likely to make the options unattractive to employees. Employees should also be free to exercise the options at any time without following the process of notifying the company. This is because as they are in the process of notifying the company, they may miss out on making profits the moment that the stock prices go up in the stock

Describe the key stages of budgetary process, (b) Critically evaluate, Essay

Describe the key stages of budgetary process, (b) Critically evaluate, referring to the research findings the social significance of budgeting in modern organisations - Essay Example Budgeting process can be done for several reasons in an organization like planning, communication, coordination, motivation, performance evaluation and controlling process. Budgets can be of various types like short term budgets which are done for a month, a quarter or for a year. Operational control budgets are mainly done for a specific operation and the duration of this type of budget is a week or maximum a month. The most long term budget is known as capital budget which is done by the company for a period of more than one year and it can be extended to ten years and it determines that whether a company should proceed for a long term investment or not . Budgets can also be differentiated as sales budget which estimates the amount of future sales revenue and create a target for sales, production budget which estimates the number of output that should be produced to meet they sales target. Marketing budgets help to estimate the amount which is necessary for advertising and promotio nal activities to place the product in the market (Collier, 2002, pp. 207-208). Budgets are mainly based on the standard costing method for a certain level of production and sales. It should be prepared by an experienced accountant. A budget should describe the objective of the budget and the steps that are involved in the process of budget. There are several steps involved in the budgeting process which area s follows- Communication about the guidelines and policies with those people who making the budget is very important because e many decisions that may affect the budget year have been considered previously in the long term planning process which is the starting point for the annual budget. Thus the top level managers need to communicate the effect of the policy to the people who are responsible for the preparation of the budget of current year. The effect of the policy

Beethoven- family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Beethoven- family - Essay Example This placed a lot of pressure on Beethoven at the young age of 17 because he took it upon himself to look after his two younger brothers. Because there was little family income, Beethoven began playing viola in the court orchestra; this provided him with enough to take care of himself, his alcoholic father, and his two younger brothers. A few months after Beethoven left the family home to once again pursue his music career, he learned of his father’s death. Later on in his life, Beethoven’s younger brother, Carl, died from tuberculosis. Beethoven had contributed a great deal while Carl was ill. After his brother died, Beethoven attempted to gain custody of his nephew (Carl’s son), Karl, but Carl’s wife, Johanna, refused to allow Beethoven to do so. A long and bitter legal dispute followed, with Beethoven eventually granted sole custody. Beethoven was very controlling of Karl’s activities. Perhaps as a result of this treatment, Karl attempted suicide but did not succeed. After this, Karl recuperated under the care of his mother, and Beethoven had little contact with Karl until his death in March of

Caroll is a subsidiary

Caroll is a subsidiary Introduction Caroll is a subsidiary of the Vivarte group since 1988. This brand is one of the ready-to-wear sectors successes, which has been known and appreciated by many women for over 40 years. Caroll is particularly renowned for the quality of its products. With over 350 stores, about 100 of which are abroad Caroll is a brand that is ever growing both in France and internationally. Carolls culture is based on a shared brand vision:  § Strong product identity,  § A high degree of adaptability,  § An innovative brand/distributor concept. The companys niche was knitwear only. The 1970s were boom years! In the 1980s, Caroll began to evolve†¦In 1980, it added a ready-to-wear collection and its first franchise shops in France. In 1984, Caroll opened its first branch shops. Four years later, Caroll International was listed on the stock exchange and the Andrà © group, which was to become Vivarte in 2001, purchased a large share in the company. The 1990s were revolutionary! In 1994, Caroll International defined a new positioning for itself, creating the â€Å"Caroll Paris† brand and introducing new strategies with a view to becoming a key player in the world of fashion, for a targeted yet sizeable female clientele, well informed and with high standards. In just a few years, Caroll International succeeded in completely changing its image and significantly increased its market share. After having transformed its network in France, Caroll International began to expand in other countries in 1997. Since 2000, Caroll has strengthened its image by taking on a huge challenge: the application of luxury codes to distribution. With a wealth of experience in its sector, the Brand is now particularly appreciated for the quality of its products, its expertise and its style. Part One: Marketing Audit A. Corporate Level 1. The company mission Caroll has its styling bureau in Paris. This bureau detects trends and creates collections it able to react quickly and design new products. Caroll missions are to design fashion clothes women, staying at the top of the fashion each seasons. The second mission is to sell this clothes and accessories by franchising new shops all around the world. 2. Company objectives goals In order to faced with constantly evolving fashion, Caroll has chosen to continuously renew itself and launch new models, new colours throughout the season. The goal is to keep up with the latest looks. Caroll has to answer to the women wants. So, clothes are perfectly cut, the choice materials are an important part of its renewed. Caroll doesnt offers only clothes fashion, it also sells accessories: scarves, jewellery, belts, bags, shoes, etc. B. Marketing Mix: 4 Ps  § Product: Caroll has a large range of products. All the products are based on three same styles that are based on the â€Å"details finishing† and the â€Å"high quality material† used. The silhouettes are really important: o 3 trends o 3 styles o 3 lines All the products shapes are well defined and cut in chosen materials, which offers a very elegant to order outfits. Caroll collection:  § Blouses  § Coats  § Dresses  § Jackets  § Pants  § Skirts  § Sweaters The Accessoires:  § Bags  § Jewels  § Stole Carolls activity is based on stitch and the brand has successfully diversified its product thanks to chain and weft. Its a great benefit for the brand because it allows to sell more products. In other words a customer comes into a shop with the idea to find a coat. But when the customer comes out the shop sure he buys a coat but he already leaves the shop with several accessories. Caroll knows how work with noble material like silk or Kashmir. Colours are also important because the brand has created specific range of colours. More than that with an international implantation the firm has to be aware of the cultural importance accorded to colours and she is. Caroll answers every women need or desire â€Å"clothes† â€Å"accessories†. The range of product is large and diversified: this is a good way to attract more and more customers and to enlarge at the maximum the profile of customers. But the range can be â€Å"City†, â€Å"Sportswear† or â€Å"Diva† it is always quite classical and modern. So every woman customers who belong to the middle class who like fashion and style can be seduce by Carolls products.  § Price: Caroll launches large range of price in order to attract every woman with a middle purchasing power. In that way the price is adapted to the purchasing power of customers. The price is totally in correlation with the target customers. Caroll is offering a good quality-price ratio. Place At the beginning, Caroll sold its products in retail shops. They start to open Caroll franchises in 1980. The decoration is simple but stylish to give an atmosphere of elegance. The stores are whites, black and grey. Those three colours are the symbol of sophistication and chic. In France, you can find the Caroll store in â€Å"chic† places; for example you will find a store in Paris Rue Vaugirard which is a street know for it chic stores. Places have to be on the same line that style of the stores. In France, Caroll possesses 70 stores which makes France the first place implantation (in terms of numbers of stores). The second one is Spain. The brand is also represented in Japan, Lebanon, Portugal, Martinique, Reunion Island, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia We can say that Caroll is already internationally well developed, with shops in many countries and in the most European Capital! Promotion Caroll communicates through well-know press magazine like  « Biba  »,  « Glamour  »,  « Mme Figaro  »,  « Marie-Claire  »,  « Gala  »,  « Elle, Marie-France  ». Those are French magazine for woman readers aged between 25 and 35 years old. That shows that Caroll targeted a special group of woman. The SWOT Analysis underline that Caroll has a strong experience in international market. One of the main opportunities for Caroll is that this brand profit from the Glamour image of Paris. Despite the international crisis the growth rate in developing country is stile positive (the Chinese growth rate objective for 2009 is 8%). So it exist strong opportunities for an implantation of the brand in developing country and especially in China. For instance the Chinese middle class is not able to buy the Caroll s clothes but more than 10% of Chinese have a purchasing power equal of European countries. So it represents at least more than 100 millions people. And in a close future it will touch much more. Caroll has to develop a strong communication with a good marketing strategy. But the Chinese market has its own cultural specificity and the company Caroll has to be conscious of that. D. Market Positioning E. Boston Matrix If we take a look at the three Carolls division, Clothes, Accessories, and customized Services, we can see that the first department generates the cash that is used to pay the several costs of the company, the salaries, taxes, supplier, etc. It means that the cash created is used for â€Å"the daily work† (or short term). The growth rate of Caroll is almost the same as the sector level. Accessories and bags also generate cash and have a higher growth rate than the clothes sector. The level of cash generated is lower but those products are the best growth of the brand. The return on investment is high for the stars and for the cash cow products. But actually the customized service does not have a lot of market share and the activity is decreasing. The Question Mark, it linked with the special materials that they are using. For example the silk which is used for a specific range of clothes. But this specific range is a trend and the special materials are not gone be used next season (or trend). Thats why they have to be aware of new trends and anticipate them in order to adapt materials to the future trends. Part Two: External Audit A. Chinese Colours Analysis The I-Ching regards black as Heavens colour. White represented gold and symbolized brightness, purity, and fulfilment. White also is the colour of mourning. The Chinese people, both ancient and modern, cherish the colour red. Red is everywhere during Chinese New Year and other holidays and family gatherings for it symbolizes good fortune and joy. Blue-green indicates spring when everything overflows with vigour and vitality. Yellow symbolizes the earth. The old saying, Yellow generates Yin and Yang, meant that yellow is the center of everything. Colour embodies an even richer culture in Chinese folk traditions. Yellow is the colour for emperors. Yellow often decorates royal palaces, altars and temples. So Carolls main problem is the colour that they are used normally for the brand. And black and white clothes are not a good colour code for Chinese implementation. To conclude Caroll has tow choices. They can adapt colours clothes to Chinese taste or it can count on the western countries fashion influence. Another option is to use both colours style. Of course this colour positioning will be the most expensive strategic choice. Thats why Caroll has to really take into account the cultural differences! Maybe hire local employee in order to create the most adapted range of product is the best option that they have to minimize risk of mistakes. B. Chinese Population evolution 2006 The age pyramid in 2006 shows that people between 25 and 49 years old represent the most important part of the Chinese population. It is exactly the target that Caroll has. C. Chinese Key figures One person on five of the planet is a Chinese. China counts more than 20 metropolises of more than 5 millions inhabitants. With 752 millions active Chinese, China is a reservoir of inexhaustible manpower. The current income per inhabitant is 1090 dollars (100th world rank) but increases very fast. 300 000 Chinese have a heritage exceeding 1 million dollars. China: 651 TV channel and 1000 radio stations. It is the 2nd market behind the United States. D. Carolls Target Caroll has an advantage it is a French brand. French brands are known as good taste in term of fashion. Chinese women like the â€Å"French Touch† so a French brand has a crucial advantage in comparison with non-French competitors. French clothes in Chinese women mind means: fashion, good quality. Actually, in China the middle class represents 80 millions persons. But in 2010 the Chinese middle class will represents more than 200 millions people! A huge and wide market in constant growth is opening for Caroll. According to the national office of Chinas government statistics the income of the Chinese population doubled between the year 2002 and 2006, evolving from 1.100 dollars to 2.010 dollars. More precisely Caroll segment is composed by active woman. These women have between 25 and 40 years old. They are described as active woman working in megalopolis cities. F. Porters Five Forces   Threats of new Entrants: Threats for Caroll to be faced with new competitors are high. As every one knows China is gone be the first world economy. More than that we have to bear in mind that one person on six of the world population is Chinese. In that way China is a new market opportunity and Carolls company is not in a situation of monopole. New inteznatà »Ãƒ ¿nao entranus hmve clso the0wil|ingness to takea syt in th} Chonese market. Move dungerous its the apparitionand$devmlopment,of à ½ocal fià ¶m!  ­But$Caro}~owinnovmotioon{liwuesringosladvcntages wo fight#new0gntsant'{ukh as: †¢+Absoluto cost aovantage†¢ Qrop{ietiv}p{owwwu~ve— Acessto }otwus†¢ Governmeà ¾v policy†¢ economie{ ofscale †¢!Capktal,reqy{emn}OÃâ€"Branà ¤$identià ´{  ­Bargainyno sowev of#Suppliess: If?Caroll necives wocwrk tive{tywwitx {hingsw wu|poiur{ yn5ordgr,for e}amp|ebto reduce the costs of transportation, the branf willbm gboe to reduce the products price in order to be equal to$the price market. Indeed working with the local supplier pezmkts o.rudco many costs and most of all to satisfy at best thu gustomers needs. There are a lot of potential Chinese supplie~s, so Carlo will be in a strong bargaining power compare to suwpoiwrw.$ oBwyerlPowerz The Carolls target is, at the launching ofthe%braodbin China, working women with a high purchesing power.pB}t-rap{dmy`witl uhg mconomic g~owth of China, more and more women would be able to buy Caroll clothes. So rapidly what was a niche market for Caroll will began a mass market. Threat of substitutes products: Clothes dont have threat to see enter substitutes products. Everybody needs clothes. But there is an important phenomenon that is counterfeiting. Chinese have a strong knowledge on counterfeiting. Chinese industry is known to copy everything especially clothes, shoes and accessories. The main risk for Caroll is to see its product ranged copied and sold at a very low price. Caroll rivalry among firms: In China Carolls main competitor is Alain Manoukian who is well established. Other fashion houses are also present. Caroll might find it hard at first, it will have to convince the Chinese customer of the quality of the product and also underline the French aspect of the range since the Chinese is very fond of French fashion. Part Three: Caroll Strategic Marketing Plan A. Product Caroll has to base his marketing product on developing special colours for Chinese woman. Caroll style is based on elegance and simplicity and the new products have to have the French Touch in order to seduce Chinese woman. They have to do marketing research on the customs, traditions and religion of Chinese people in order to avoid intercultural problems and sales decrease. The most positive colour is red so Caroll should develop a red range of clothes. Despite the superstition, black is getting more and more popular thanks to the western influence. The white colours should also be avoided in order to stay away issues on sales. The environment analysis shows us that Caroll should also take care of the climate that changes from one region to another. B. Price Caroll has to adapt its products prices according to the target. So to begin the brand should keep a high price to attract women with a high purchasing power. But rapidly (Less than 10 years) Caroll could get more customers thanks to China growth. This country will get more women with middle class purchasing power. So in order to catch this new population, Caroll could decrease a little the range price. C. Place / Distribution How to choose the opening of Caroll stores? One answer is based on the repartition of the population according to the purchasing power. A map of the different density can help Caroll to decide where to implement their store. China has an important density in the big cities like shanghai, Beijing, Canton, Hong- Kong, Schuan, Henan and Shenzhen. The east coast of China is the must interested part of china because the middle class population is there concentred. In the close future, the middle-class population will migrate to the big metropolis cities and a new class will appear. This target is the key success of the next five years. In the rest of China the population is very scattered. Opening stores there will be a waste of time and money. People are poor and are not very concerned by fashion. In China the most famous distributor place is mall, which is an American influence. As a result, Caroll should open its store in this mall in the biggest cities of the East cost. These malls create a fashion image and Caroll positioning will be higher. The target chosen is the common customer in those shopping centres. A French brand in this shopping place is certain to find the clients. It is a trendy place where the French touch will be appreciated. Chinese customers will be curious about a new brand of quality. Maybe Caroll could create a partnership with Carrefour (a French hypermarket group). The idea is quite simple, open stores in these hypermarket areas (not all off them of course). Hypermarket attracts people and Carrefour is actually well implanted in China. But these establishments could be harmful for the â€Å"Chic† image of Caroll†¦ Stores As we know Caroll stores decoration is white and grey. We saw that those colours are negative in the Chinese customers minds. The best colours could be red and black, we also saw that black is getting used and the negative impression decreased. Logistic organisation The production centre has to be in a city very accessible by airport or boat. The city has to be in the middle of the east cost in a city like Shanghais. The goods redistribution will be easier and also reduce costs. A study has to be made considering the local rent, the transportation plan, and the place of the different store. D. Promotion / Advertising In France, Caroll only uses magazine. In China, the company has to advertise a lot more because the brand is not very known. At first I think that the objective is to be known! The brand should use television ad, and continue the press magazine. Woman from Chinese middle class love read press magazine. The first store opening has to be a big event as Louis Vuitton, Caroll should organize a big private sales and a big party to promote the brand. To be well known in China, the TV campaign has to be strong at the launch of the brand. Caroll can also communicate trough billboard and trough Internet. Today feminine web sites are very developed and advertising in those sites is a good way to touch a lot of potential customers. The campaign has to be class by showing a group of modern workingwoman wearing Caroll outfits. The group will be composed on European and Chinese woman working together and having fun together. The ad message is that everywhere in the world, at work, or during the night, all nationality girls can were Caroll and be class during all day long. The ad will be in Chinese with French subtitles for example. Conclusion Even if the potential target is now small (a niche), we can forecast that in ten years, the middle class will have a purchase power multiplied by ten. So, it seems profitable to target this audience right now in order to be an established brand in couple of years. Especially in this case the marketing function is a determinant point of the long term strategy for Caroll. The company will also have to be cautious concerning the market environment and not enter it without studying the culture closer, the political environment†¦ The brand will have to adapt its products if it wants to answer the customers needs. Not only will it have to adapt its products, but it will also have to invest in advertising. Communicating the brand through specialized magazine will not be enough to gain notoriety, bill boarding, posters in bus stops and in subways, would be the best way to introduce the brand. This major advertising campaign should take place before Caroll opens its first shop. Endorsement will also be very important to implant the brand rapidly. There is no reason that Caroll should not succeed in the Chinese middle class market, because its competitor Alain Manoukian is well-established! à ° Caroll does a good marketing strategic choice to launch its brand in China and if the marketing mix is well respected, Caroll will have good opportunities to be present in Asia the future biggest continent in term of economy. Bibliography http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/LUC/ChinaFood/data/anim/pop_ani.htm http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/articles/2007/2007_Projection.population.Chine.pdf http://www.caroll.com/ http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/ansoff/ http://www.12manage.com/methods_porter_five_forces_fr.html http://www.marketing-etudiant.fr/ http://www.societe.com http://goliath.ecnext.com http://www.transnationale.org http://chineseculture.about.com/ http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/businessculture.html

A Soldiers Life in the Civil War Essay -- Papers

Life during the Civil War was not a pleasant time. There was basically utter chaos going on the South. Soldiers had to deal with the harsh conditions and the thought of death. Plantation owners had to worry about who was going to work their fields. Business owners had to worry about who was going to buy their products. Citizens had to worry about soldiers destroying their property. And the government had to worry about how to pay the soldiers and how to end the war. This was a very rough time to be alive. Soldier Life During The Civil War The camp life for a soldier was hardly one to be desired. â€Å"The weather was hot and the water was bad, yet the men kept in good spirits, and there was no grumbling at the hard drill and harder work(Ratchford, 11).† The weather varied a lot during the Civil War. At times it would snow up to depths of eight inches and sometimes it would rain and hail for hours on end(Russell, 130). Other times it would be very hot. Sometimes when it would rain, soldiers would wake up half submerged(Brown,122). Death was also a major fear during the Civil War. â€Å"We cook and eat, talk and laugh with the enemies dead lying all about us as though they were so many logs(Brown, 115).† The soldier would march threw battlefields where dead men, horses, and smashed artillery were scattered about in utter confusion; the Blue and the Gray mixed-their bodies so bloated, distorted, and discolored from decomposition, that they were basically unrecognizable(Mohr, 326). There was also the duties of the officers. â€Å"Often when a detachment was on scout, there were no men left in camp to release the pickets, and they had to remain on post for seventy-two hours at a stretch(Histor... ...g, and killing(Ratchford, 11). To me it sounds as though the life of a soldier during the Civil War is not one that I would want to live. I would rather sit at my computer and type a paper about it than actually leave through it. The soldiers and the civilians alike, had it very rough. The conditions were harsh and the fear of death would be the only thing on my mind. Or fear of having my house burnt down or taken from me is something I would not want to experience. In conclusion, I would be very proud to shake any soldiers hand that fought in the Civil War. Outline I. Introduction II. Life of a Soldier During the Civil War A. Camp Life B. Death C. Duties D. Shooting E. Food F. Medical G. Pay III. Government and Citizens During The Civil War A. Government Reaction B. Citizens Reaction C. Citizens Vandalism IV. Conclusion

Commentary on Sonnet ¨Atlantis¨

â€Å"Around 350 BC, Plato wrote about a beautiful island in the Atlantic Ocean that went under the ocean waves in one day and one night†. â€Å"Atlantis – A Lost Sonnet† by Eavan Boland does not follow from head to toe the standards of a sonnet, being able to identify it by the length of 14 lines and its GG rhyme scheme at the end. This poem is able to move from a question about Atlantis to a memory of the author and finally to the overall meaning about memories. Boland is able to create a close and personal atmosphere throughout this sonnet through a first person narrator, the use of word choice and rhetorical questions. It is the type of narrator in a poem that helps the reader identify itself with. In this case, â€Å"Atlantis† is written in first person, meaning that the reader relates to the character`s personal thoughts and feelings. At the beginning of the poem she emphasizes the word â€Å"I† in relation to her thoughts about the myth of the missing city, â€Å"How on earth did it happen, I used to wonder†(1). In this way making the reader enter and try to understand the authors view on this surreal event. While at the centre she changes the use of the word â€Å"I† to describe her feeling, â€Å"I miss our old city — †¦ you and I meeting†(7-8). Explaining a major change in the meaning of the poem since she is no longer talking about Atlantis but if not on her past love, someone she misses. Being able to compare them both since their overall meaning of lost and disappeared forever is the same. Moreover, Boland chooses to further on explain the meaning in her poem based on the simple word choice that compares both scenarios. Straightforward words like under, missed and drowned are used in this poem because of their double meaning:† one fine day gone under? (4) †¦ Surely a great city must have been missed? (6) †¦ ave their sorrow a name and drowned it. † (14). At the end we see how this words flow perfectly with both ideas. Given that Atlantis is recognized as a city that drowned and left no evidence, we say it is hidden underneath the ocean. This idea of disappearing is a perfect example that the author is able to connect to her personal emotions of someone she really misses and will never come back to her life which would actually make the reader think about how the author decided to use this city as a representation of her now gone lover. So why is a rhetorical question applied in this sonnet? It is primarily to chieve a stronger and direct statement with no need of answering the question. In this poem there are two questions at the start and middle part; â€Å"one fine day gone under? (4)†¦ Surely a great city must have been missed? † (6), both of this are talking about Atlantis. In a sort of way, the author is being sarcastic because neither she nor we will ever know the true answer since it is a legend with thousands of explanations but neither one is 100% accurate. At the end, this types of questions cause the reader to connect to her judgments in a stronger way since they would also want to know how a city may disappear right under our noses. As a final point, the message of this powerful poem is understood in its last two most important lines, â€Å"to convey that what is gone is gone forever and never found it. And so, in the best traditions of †¦ where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name and drowned it. † (12-14). Boland?s simple rhyme, imagery, and use of personification create the final resolution of the author’s feelings and thoughts towards a past which cannot be recovered except with your memory.

Ethos: Education and School

In this assignment I will be talking about how Ethos, Missions, Aims and Values are used within the running of the school. And how it helps to provide the highest standard of curriculum for children. As well as how this information is avaliable to parents, and where they are able to obtain this information. Ethos – A school's ethos helps to to set a framework which will help the school to provide a safe and secure learning environment. This will help to reflect its values for a good working environment.A school's positive overall ethos process will provide the school community and all its members with an environment which is paramount for obtaining a successful learning environment for all. A school's ethos is also an agreement which concerns itself with the character and spirit of a particular school, as well as making sure it is reflected in the attitude of the school including the expectations of staff and children. Missions – Missions within a school is to help to p rovide a statement of the values and principles, which help to guides a school's curriculum.It will also help the school to set program goals and objectives. Missions should make clear its purposes with which the school is aiming to achieve and the values and standards, with which this is guiding to help and of which they are consistent. Aims and values – Aims are similar to mission statements in order to make sure that every child matters. As well as parents and the community work together to provide the children with the best care. As well as helping each and every child is helped in developing skills which they will use for life long learning.As well as learning through a broad and balanced curriculum which will help them to become responsible adults. Values play an important part in helping children to feel that they are special in their own way no matter what, and making them feel comfortable within the school environment. As well as helping each child to appreciate othe rs around them whatever their religion, ethnical background etc. Ethos, Missions, Aims and Values are used in the everyday running of the school. They aim to make sure that the curriculum is met to a high standard.As well as making sure that the children are able to learn in a safe and secure environment. They also aim to make sure that the school meets their goals and objectives throughout the school year. The school will also intend to provide the children with the correct resources that will help them to become confident and individual learning, and also sure that they work with school governors to enable them to continually strive and enable them to be able to improve teaching and learning as part of research,, and provide good practice in education policies.The ways that the schools provides information on ethos,missions,aims and values can be through there brochures, which are avaliable on request to parents, governors and OFSTED. They can also palce the information on the sch ools website which again can be accesed by parents, governors etc. Schools can also provide this information at governors meetings which are held within the school. The schools can also provide the information at school events such as fetes as well as using the local media to get the information across, as well as word of mouth.Although not all parents, carers have access to the internet, which can stop them from gaining the information that they need, so they will rely on the school events, local media and word of mouth from other parents, teachers etc. Some parents, carers may not be able to understand this information so may need someone to explain the meaning of the information, in order for them to be able to understand. The effectiveness of these methods are useful as parents and governors are able to see what the school aims to achieve and how they are going to achieve their goals.Also parents and governors are able to see how this will affect the children, and how this will prepare them for adult life. They will also be able to see how these methods will meet the educational needs of the children, and how this will nurture the children, in a strong, safe and respected learning environment. Also this will help parents, carers who are unable understand the methods within a school, to feel valued, as teachers etc have taken the time to explain to them the effectiveness that ethos, missions, aims and values have within the school,From writing this assignment I can see how effective it is to have ethos, missions aims and values within a school, and how they help children to achieve the best education which will help them to achieve to the best of their abilities. In having these in place it will allow the school to have a strong structure in place, to help the school provide children and the community with a strong and safe environment.

The Rules of Engagement in English

The Rules of Engagement in English The Rules of Engagement in English The Rules of Engagement in English By Mark Nichol In the same day, this site received, among readers’ responses to my recent post Courtesy Titles and Honorifics, two diverse email messages: One was a reasonable, well-written support of the writer’s opinion that, as she was taught, because the courtesy title Ms. is an artificial designation that doesn’t abbreviate anything, it should not include a period. The other correspondent wrote, â€Å"hey watch out your website looks like a rule book, and we all know rule books are fascist.† Whether one’s convictions are adept or absurd, however, one must accept the incontrovertible fact that although one is free to write in any style or manner one chooses, this choice has consequences. Linguistic anarchy is inimical to language, by virtue of the fact that language, as a form of communication, is essential to family, to society, to civilization. Just as abiding by rules of personal and community conduct (the latter extending in scope from the smallest village to the United Nations) helps protect the fragile coexistence of humans, adhering to guidelines for language use enable at least sizeable blocs of humanity to agree on common signals for cooperation (or conflict). Language evolves, constantly and relentlessly, but precepts and attitudes about it prevail for a time before they slowly respond to changes in usage. Therefore, for example, though one of the correspondents I referred to above is correct that the period following Ms. is not logically justified and that for that reason, early in the term’s life span, many writers omitted the punctuation it is now standard, for the sake of consistency, to treat Ms. the same as Mr. and Mrs. One’s gender and gender politics are irrelevant: Those are the facts, ma’am er, ms. Do you write simply for pleasure, or to share your thoughts and ideas with a small coterie of readers? Do you self-publish, whether in print or online? Knock yourself out you are hereby granted a dispensation to write in any fashion that pleases you and anyone who chooses to read your work. You are akin to a homesteader or a survivalist, staking out your own terrain on your own terms and accepting the terms that go with those terms. But if your intent is to identify yourself as a professional writer or if your employment status is predicated on the fact that your writing is intelligible to your colleagues and perhaps even consistent with distributed guidelines certain standards apply, and your ability to adhere to those standards is inextricably linked to your professional success or survival. If that’s fascist, then I proudly represent the New World Order. I don’t mean to get all serious on you. I respect the point about the unpunctuated Ms., and for all I know, the comment about the â€Å"rule book† may be a goof. But both comments inspire this tip: When it comes to composition, let your unfettered freak flag fly. But if you submit the flag to be unfurled atop a highly visible flagpole, expect it to be redesigned to suit that flagpole or to be refolded and respectfully returned for you to do with what you wish. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and TricksTypes of Plots

Managing in the global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing in the global economy - Essay Example Hence it becomes very essential to study the physical and societal environments when opening and international business. Managing in a global environment means manage people who are separated not only by time and distance but also by cultural, social, and language differences. The main challenge here is to integrate and coordinate these individuals in ways that will ensure success. And it is important to be sensitive to and respect the cultural differences. People from different cultures tend to misunderstand each others behaviours or stereotype people from other countries. Portfolio investment values and cash flows are affected when political change causes unanticipated discontinuities in the business environment. This is the Robock and Simmonds (1973) definition of political risk. They are also affected by the risks that include potential restrictions on the transfer of funds, products, technology and people, uncertainty about policies, regulations, governmental administrative procedures, and, finally, risks on control of capital such as discrimination against foreign firms, expropriation, forced local shareholding, etc. Wars, revolutions, social upheavals, strikes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates all figure in the political risk literature and, obviously, are capable of affecting portfolio investment as well as direct investment. Gross National Income comprises the total value of goods and services produced within a country (i.e. its Gross Domestic Product), together with its income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends), less similar payments made to other countries. For example, if a British-owned company operating in another country sends some of their incomes (profits) back to UK, the UK’s GNI is enhanced. Depending on the exact country circumstances, FDI may increase the host country capital stock, bring in new technologies and boost GNI growth rates (and hence GNI per capita). Inflation

Active LNG 4 & 5 CRJ 520II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Active LNG 4 & 5 CRJ 520II - Essay Example Yes, Motivational Interviewing should be taught to all Probation Officers including those with years of experience on the field of corrections. This should be done through training workshops. The training should focus on strengthening core skills, role play, and coaching. The trainers should have prior experience with probation services and on the field of corrections. According to Clark, Walters, Gingerich and Metzler (2006), Motivational Interviewing brings officers back into the "business of behavior change." Probation officers become enforcers of court orders, but not active participants in the offenders behavioral change. Motivational Interviewing helps probation officers to build a positive and collaborative relationship with offenders. This creates an atmosphere of trust where offenders can express themselves and talk about change (Clark et.al, 2006) Motivational Interviewing trains probation officers in basic listening and speaking strategies such as ask open questions, affirm positive talk and behavior, reflect what you are hearing and seeing and summarize what has been said. This technique enables probation officer to gather information about offenders such as their personal strength and assist them in planning (Clark et.al, 2006). Motivational Interviewing encourages officers to be honest with offenders about supervision and sanctions should they go wrong. Clark, M.D., Walters, S., Gingerich, R. & Metzler, M.(2006). Importance, Confidence and Readiness to Change: Motivational Interviewing for probation and parole. Journal of American Probation and Parole Association. 30(1), 37-45 The ability to conduct Motivational Interviewing is one of the essential skills of a Probationary Officer because it facilitates the "business of behavior change." While Probationary Officers may not be the active personnel to

Marketing Advertising IMC Plan (Glaceau co.) Research Paper

Marketing Advertising IMC Plan (Glaceau co.) - Research Paper Example Customers are not segregated on the basis of age, sex, color or race. 2) Differentiated Marketing In this sort of marketing strategy the firm tries to target different segments of the market and a different marketing strategy is adopted for each segment of the market. 3) Concentrated Marketing In this strategy the firm chooses one segment of the market and focuses exclusively on that particular segment for its products. The product fulfils the needs of that particular group of customers only. For our product –Glaceau Smart and Vitamin Water; we have decided to apply the concentrated marketing strategy. We are going to target only one section of the customers for our products. The target market which has been selected for our product has the following features – Smart Water Men above 35 years of age Economically successful – main target is upper middle class male; more than $ 60,000 income. Marital status : Married Focused on staying young and healthy – vis its the gym regularly or exercises ,buys health drinks Occupied in sedentary jobs like management, software professionals etc. Vitamin Water Women above 35 years of age Economically successful-main target is the upper middle class Focused on health and staying young-visits the gym regularly or exercises or diets. Occupied in sedentary jobs Smart Water and Vitamin Water can be put under the functional foods category. Functional food may be defined as any type of food product where a new ingredient has-been added in order to make the product healthier. (Glenn R. Gibson)Thus Vitamin Water and Smart Water can easily be defined as functional foods as they add nutrients to water and make it healthier for the body. Functional food industry has been witnessing increased growth in USA these days. According to a survey conducted by Nutrition Business Journal a US citizen spends $50 per month in order to buy functional foods and this amount is increasing each day. It also says that only 8.7 % of the population has never purchased a functional food product – rest 91.3% has at one time or the other bought some or other category of functional foods. (Nutrition Business Journal).This report shows the vast potential for functional food products. So our decision to market Vitamin Water is both timely and fulfils a major consumer demand. However the question still remains as to why have we decided to target people above 35 years of age and why only those who are economically successful. A research by Mintel states that people prefer functional foods due to the following reasons- Reasons for functional food purchase % Make up for unhealthy eating 48 Weight loss 44 Supplement my diet 35 Address health issues 30 Avoid eating empty calories 26 In place of a meal 16 Others 7 Source: (Mintel International Group Ltd.) Vitamin Water and Smart Water can be targeted to all the people who are mentioned above except probably those who eat functional food in place of a meal or for ot her reasons. Vitamin Water and Smart water contains additional supplements which can provide supplement diet , addresses health issues due to lack of vitamins , helps you avoid calories and still intake vitamins and can also assist you in weight loss as you can replace water for your nutrient intake instead of food. Thus our products can be sold better to those who are concerned

Phoenix Jones Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

Phoenix Jones Character Analysis Essay They say with age, comes wisdom. They say a tough life will build tough people. That the world, no matter how terrible it may seem or how bad things get, is only what you make of it. This has never been shown more so by Phoenix Jackson from Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path†. Encumbered with age and poverty, Phoenix shows fortitude, cleverness, and a child-like view of the world while traveling to the city for medicine. Welty’s love of literature from her mother, and classic writing style with African American characters (Marrs) is clearly displayed in â€Å"A Warn Path†. Eudora Welty, whose life spanned most of the 20th century, represented the world of the deep American South in multiple genres. In stories, novels, and photography, the Pulitzer Prize winner was especially interested in the relationship of place to character. Her art explores the impact of place on the life of the individual depending on race, gender, and economic status, as well as the reverse influence of the individual character on environment, which is exeptionally displayed in â€Å"A Warn Path† (Marrs). In â€Å"A worn path† an elderly african-american woman, named Pheonix Jones, is up against the world on her way to town. Armed with nothing but her cane, she maneuvers through obstactle after obstacle, showing perseverence in the highest fashion through every disincentive that inhibits her journey. As such, her story depicts the Depression in the United States from the vantage point of a victim insufficiently represented in art—though a victim who, like the mythological phoenix her name evokes, resists annihilation, Phoenix transcends the abuse she experiences. This essay will explore Eudora Weltys character Phoenix Joness most exemplary traits. It will shine light on her fortitude, ingenuity, and light hearted view of the world. Provided along with Phoenixs traits is examples in which she shows each trait, with direct reference to â€Å"A worn path†. Imagine, having every bone in your body weakened with over seventy plus years of aging. You now have the bones of Phoenix Jones. Weakened, she struggles to get to town. Yet, still she keeps trecking over every obstacle thrown at her. This calls to merit her outstanding fortitude. At one point she encounters a barbed wire fence. With barbs glaring at her, hungry to put a halt to her journey, â€Å"There she had to creep and crawl, spreading her knees and stretching her fingers like a baby trying to climb the steps. But she talked loudly to herself: she could not let her dress be torn now, so late in the day, and she could not pay for having her arm or her leg sawed off if she got caught fast where she was. At last she was safe throught the fence and risen up out of the clearing,† (Welty 850). This is a fine example of her phenominal perseverance and fortitude, showing she was not only going to get through, but she refused to let that fence make even a scratch on her dress. And even before that, at the start of her journey, she already had shown her tremendous amount of determination. As she starts out on her journey she exclaims with a fiery attitude â€Å"Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals! Keep out from under theses feet, little bob whites. Keep the big wild hots out of my path. Dont let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way† (Welty 849-850). This shows that her mind is already set on getting to town and nothing is stopping her. These fine examples show the true, raw determination and fortitude within Pheonix Jones, showing that she may be frail, but she is anything but weak. There are few things that make true â€Å"good character†. Imagination is one of them. No one has better imagination than a child. A child sees the world as something different something better. Phoenix Jones clearly holds her inner-child within herself after all these years. After traveling a piece she decides to rest. â€Å"Up above her was a tree in a pearly cloud of mistletoe. She did not dare to close her eyes, and when a little boy brought her a plate with a slice of marble cake on it she spoke to him. â€Å"That would be exceptable,† she said† (Welty 850). Her imagination peeking forth, this shows even through her journey, she imagines a little boy giving her a slice of delicious cake, presenting that everything does not have to be serious. A little piece onward, she shows her enlightening imagination running wild again as she runs up on a menacing scarecrow that she gazes at from a distance. â€Å"Ghost,† she said sharply, â€Å"who you be the ghost of? For I have heard of nary death close by. † She found a coat inside that an emtiness, cold as ice. â€Å"You scarecrow† she said †Dance, old scare crow† she said, â€Å"while I dancing with you. † She kicked her foot over the furrow, and with mouth drawn down, shook her head once or twice in a little strutting way,† (Welty 851). Her fun loving child-like nature is highlighted through this passage, showing that she took a fear, and enlightened it when she found out it was a scarecrow, dancing with it, showing the trophy of imagination and optimism. Welty shows through Pheonix that imagination will never die, and that it is a precious tool to get over any obstacle. Further down the warn path, Phoenix is greeted by a discourteous hunter helping her up after she fell in a ditch in the wake of a nosy dog coming to investigate this strange intruder. This point is where she shows her cleverness and wit. As she is talking to the hunter, â€Å" Without warning, she had seen with her own eyes a flashing nickel fall out of the mans pocket onto the ground† (Welty 843), and she said nothing. As it continues the hunter runs off and she wittily bent over in his absence and â€Å"The yellow palm of her hand came out from the fold of her apron. Her fingers slid down and along the ground under the piece of money with the grace and care they would have in lifting an egg from under a setting hen†(Welty 843). As he later lies about having money to spare, this presents her wit, as she gained five cents from this brash traveller who has the audacity to later hold a gun to her head as a joke, which does not intimidate her, and only shows once again the fortitude previously stated in the last paragraph. As she gets to her destination, a clinic that she gets medicine from, she meets an attendant when she first walks in. She came to claim a bottle of medicine through charity for her grandson, which may just be a guise to get free medication, which in itself is a example of clever planning, the example I am using is of her interaction with the attendant. â€Å"Its Christmas time, Grandma,† said the attendant. â€Å"Could I give you a few pennies out of my purse? † â€Å"Five pennies is a nickel,† said Phoenix stiffly† â€Å"Heres a nickel,† said the attendant† (Welty 856). She persuades the attendant to give her a nickel, which in total gives her a dime, showing her witty resourcefulness. Whether she uses this ten cent for her grandson a windmill, or something else she wishes to buy, her adept skill and dexterity is presented as she uses wit and expierence to claim these precious boons. Pheonix Jones is a woman of many traits. From her perseverance to her sly inginuity, she uses all her characteristics to get through â€Å"A Warn Path†. She shows her child like perception in a way that eases the burdon of travelling. To the hills and back again seven times fold, her fortitude and will is an object of pure sovereinty over obstacles in her way and in her head. And with just a little bit of quick thinking and bamboozlement she was able to obtain a secondary reward from her journey, a skill that comes in handy throughout her life. Pheonix Jones is a pure, text book definition of strong.

Product Development Strategy

Product Development Strategy Given the rapid changes in consumer tastes technology arid competition companies must develop a steady stream of new products and services A firm can obtain-new products m two ways. One is through acquisition by buying a whole company a patent or a license to produce someone else s product The other as through new-product development m the company s own research -and-development department By new products we mean original products product improvements product modifications and new brands that the firm develops through its own research-and-development efforts. When an organization introduces a product into a market they must ask themselves a number of questions. Who is the product aimed at? What benefit will they expect? How do they plan to position the product within the market? What differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors? New products continue to fail at a disturbing rate. One source estimates that more than 90 percent of all new products fail in within 2 years Another-study suggested that of the staggering 25,000 new consumer food, beverage, beauty, and healthcare products to hit the market each year, only 40 percent will be around 5 years later Moreover failure rates for new industrial products may be as high as 30 percent. Why do so many new products fail? There re several reasons Although an idea may be good the market size may have been overestimated Perhaps the actual product was not designed as well as it should have beer Or maybe it was incorrectly positioned in the market priced too high or advertised poorly A high-level executive might push a favorite idea despite poor marketing research findings- Sometimes the costs of product development are higher than expected, and sometimes Competitors fight back harder than Expected. However the reasons behind some new product failures seem pretty obvious Try the following on for size. Review of Literature Product strategies When an organization introduces a product into a market they must ask themselves a number of questions. Who is the product aimed at? What benefit will they expect? How do they plan to position the product within the market? What differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors? We must remember that Marketing is fundamentally about providing the correct bundle of benefits to the end user, hence the saying Marketing is not about providing products or services it is essentially about providing changing benefits to the changing needs and demands of the customer (P.Tailor 7/00) Philip Kotler in Principles of Marketing devised a very interesting concept of benefit building with a product For a analysis the book of Principles of Marketing by P.Kotler. Kotler suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels. Level 1: Core Product. What is the core benefit your product offers?. Customers who purchase a camera are buying more then just a camera they are purchasing memories. Level 2Actual Product: All cameras capture memories. The aim is to ensure that your potential customers purchase your one. The strategy at this level involves organizations branding, adding features and benefits to ensure that their product offers a differential advantage from their competitors. Level 3: Augmented product: What additional non-tangible benefits can you offer? Competition at this level is based around after sales service, warranties, delivery and so on. John Lewis a retail departmental store offers free five year guarantee on purchases of their Television sets, this gives their `customers the additional benefit of peace of mind over the five years should their purchase develop a fault. Idea generation New product development starts with idea generation the systematic search for new product ideas. A company typically has to generate many in order to find a few good once. According to one well-known management consultant, For every 1 000 ideas, only 100 will have enough commercial t0 promise to merits a small sca1e experiment only 10 of those will Warrant substantial financial commitment and of those a couple will turn out to be unqualified successes. His conclusion? If you want to find a few ideas with the power to enthrall customer, foil competition, and thrill investors you must first generate hundreds and potentially thousands of unconventional strategic ideas. Internal Idea Sources Using internal sources the company can find new ideas through formal research and development. It can pick the brains of its executives Scientists engineers manufacturing staff Sand sales people Some companies have-developed successful entrepreneurial programs that encourage employees to think up and develop new product ideas. For example 3M s well known 15-percent rule allow employees to spend 15 percent of their tine bootlegging -working on projects of personal interest whether or not those project directly benefit the company. Companies some times look for creative innovation approaches that overcome barriers to the free flow-of new product ideas For example firms like Eureka Ranch-a well known new product hatchery -employ both method and madness in helping companies to jumpstart their new product idea generation process. External Idea Sources Good new product idea also come from watching and listening to customers The company can analyze customer questions and complaints to find new products that better solve consumes problems Company engineers or salespeople can meet with and work. Alongside customers to get suggestions and ideas The Company can conduct surveys or focus groups to learn about Consumer needs and wants. Heinz did just that when its researchers approached children who consume more than half of the ketchup sold find out what would make ketchup more appealing to them The answer change the color So, Heinz developed and launc1iedEZ Squirt green ketchup that comes iii a squeezable bottle targeted at kids Blastin Green ketchup was a smash hit, so Heinz followed up with an entire rainbow of EZ Squirt colors, including Funky Purple Passion Pink, Awesome Orange, Totally Teal, and Stellar Blue. The EZ Squirt bottle s special nozzle also emits a thin ketchup stream, so tykes can autograph their burgers (or squirt someo ne across the table though Heinz neglects to mention that). In all the new line earned the Company a 5 percent increase in sales ii the first year after hitting the grocery shelf. Consumers often create new products and uses on their own and companies can benefit by putting them on the market. For example for years customers were spreading the word that Skin-so-soft bath oil and moisturizer was also a terrific bug repellent. Whereas some Consumers Were content simply to bathe an water scented with the fragrant oil others carried it in their backpacks to mosquito-infested campsites or kept a bottle on the deck of their beach houses Avon tuned the idea into a complete line of Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard PLUS lR335Â ® products including the Insect Repellent Gentle Breeze Moistures Sun block Lotion SPF 30 a combination moisturizer insect repellent and sunscreen. The search for new-product ideas should be systematic rather than haphazard. Otherwise few new ideas will surface and many good ideas will sputter and die Top management can avoid these problems by installing an idea management system that directs the flow of new ideas to a central point where they can be collected reviewed and evaluated hi setting up such a system the company can do any or all of the following. Appoint a respected senior person to be the company s idea manager. Create a cross-functional idea management committee consisting of people from RD, engineering purchasing operations finance and sales and marketing to meet regri1rly and evaluate proposed new product and service ideas. Set up a toll-free number or Web site for anyone who wants to send a new idea to the idea manager. Encourage all company stakeholders-employees suppliers, distributors, dealers-to send their ideas to the idea manager. Set up formal recognition programs to reward those who contribute the best new ideas. Idea Screening The purpose of idea generation is to create a large number of ideas. The purpose of the succeeding stages is to reduce that number. The first idea-reducing stage is idea screening, which helps spot good ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible. Product development costs rise greatly in later Stages, so the company wants to go ahead only with the product ideas that will turn into profitable products. The object is to eliminate unsound concepts prior to devoting resources to them. The screeners must ask at least three questions: Will the customer in the target market benefit from the product? What is the size and growth forecasts of the market segment/target market? What is the current or expected competitive pressure for the product idea? What are the industry sales and market trends the product idea is based on? Is it technically feasible to manufacture the product? Will the product be profitable when manufactured and delivered to the customer at the target price? Many companies require their executives to write up new-product ideas on a standard form that can be reviewed by a new-product committee. The write-up describes the product, the target market, and the competition. It makes some rough estimates of market size, product price, development time and costs, manufacturing costs, and rate of return. The committee then evaluates the idea against a set of general criteria. For example, at Kao Company, the large Japanese consumer-products company, the committee asks questions such as these: Is the product truly useful to consumer and society? Is it good for our particular company? Does it mesh well with the companys objectives and strategies? Do we have the people, skills, and resources to make it succeed? Does it deliver more value to customers than do competing products? Is it easy to advertise and distribute? Many companies have well-designed systems for rating and screening new-product ideas. Concept development and testing An attractive idea must be developed into a product concept. It is important to distinguish between a product idea, a product concept, and a product image. A product idea is an idea for a possible product that the company can see itself offering to the market. A product concept is a detailed version of the idea stated in meaningful consumer terms. A product image is the way consumers perceive an actual or potential product. Develop the marketing and engineering details Who is the target market and who is the decision maker in the purchasing process? What product features must the product incorporate? What benefits will the product provide? How will consumers react to the product? How will the product be produced most cost effectively? Prove feasibility through virtual computer aided rendering, and rapid prototyping What will it cost to produce it? Concept Development After 10 years of development, DaimlerChrysler is getting ready to commercialize its experimental fuel-cell-powered electric car. This cars nonpolluting fuel-cell system runs directly on methanol, which delivers hydrogen to the fuel cell with only water as a by-product. It is highly fuel efficient (75 percent more efficient than gasoline engines) and gives the new car an environmental advantage over standard internal combustion engine cars or even todays stupefacient gasoline-electric hybrid cars. Last year, DaimlerChrysler put 60 F-cell cars on the road in Japan, Germany, and the United states to test their worth in everyday operation. Based on the tiny Mercedes A-Class, the car accelerates quickly, reaches speeds of 90 miles per hour, and has a 280-mile driving range, giving it a huge edge over battery-powered electric cars that travel only about 80 miles before needing 3 to 12 hours off recharging. Fuel cell systems are also being tested in busses, trucks, and other vehicles. Now DimlerChryslers task is to develop this new product into alternative product concepts, find out how, attractive each concept is to customers, and choose the best one. It might create the following product concepts for the fuel-cell electric car: Concept 1 A moderately priced subcompact designed as a second family car to be used around town. The car is ideal for running errands and visiting friends. Concept 2 A medium-cost sporty compact appealing to young people. Concept 3 A inexpensive subcompact green car appealing to environmentally conscious people who want practical transportation and low pollution. Concept 4 A high-end SUV appealing to those who love the space SUVs provide but lament the poor gas mileage. Concept Testing Concept testing calls for testing new-product concepts with groups of target consumers. The concepts may be presented to consumers symbolically or physically. Here; in words, is concept 3: An efficient fun-to drive fuel cell-powered electric subcompact car that seats four. This methanol powered high-tech wonder provides practical and reliable trans potation with virtually o pollution It goes up to 90 miles per hour and unlike battery-powered electric cars, it never needs recharging It s priced, fully equipped at $20000. For some concept tests a word or picture description might be sufficient. However a more concrete and physical presentation of the concept will increase the reliability of the concept test Today some marketers are finding innovative ways to make product concepts more real to consumer subjects For example some are using virtual reality to test product concepts. Virtual reality programs use computers and sensory devices (such as gloves or goggles) to simulate reality A designer of kitchen cabinets might use a virtual reality program to help a customer see how his or her kitschier would look and work if remodeled with the companys products. After being exposed to the concept consumers then may be asked to react to at by answering questions such as those. The answers will help the company decide which concept has the strongest appeal For example the last question asks about the consumers intention to buy Suppose 10 percent of the consumers said they definitely would buy and another 5 pe rcent said obab1y The company could project these figures to the full population in this target group to estimate sales volume Even then the estimate is uncertain because people do not always carry out their stated intentions. Marketing Strategy development Suppose DaimlerChrysler finds that concept 3 for the fuel cell powered electric car tests is best The next step is marketing strategy development designing an initial marketing strategy for introducing this car to the market. The marketing strategy statement consists of three parts. The first part describes the tar get market the planned product positioning; and the sates, market share, and profit goals for the first few years. Thus: The target market is younger well educated moderate to high income individuals couples or small families seeking practical environmentally responsible transportation The car will be positioned as more economical to operate, more fun to drive, and less polluting than today s internal combustion engine or hybrid cars It is also less restricting than battery powered electric cars which must be recharged regularly. The company will aim to sell 100 000 cars in the first year at a loss of not more than $15 million In the second year the company wall aim for sales of 120,000 cars and a profit of $25 million. The second part of the marking strategy statement outlines the product s planned price distribution and marketing budget for the first year: The fuel cell powered electric car will be offered an three colors-red white and blue-and will have optional air-conditioning and power drive features It will sell at a retail price of $20,000-with 15 percent off the list price to dealers. Dealers who sell more than 10 cars per month will get an additional discount of5 percent on each car sold that month An advertising budget of$5Q million will be split 50-50 between a national media campaign and local advertising. Advertising will emphasize the cars fun spirit and low emissions. During the first year, $100,000 will be spent on marketing research to find out who is buying the car and their satisfaction levels. Business analysis Once management has decided on its product concept and marketing strategy it can evaluate the business- attractiveness of the proposal. Business analysis involves a review of the sales costs, and profit projections for anew product to find out whether they satisfy the companys objectives. If they do the-product can move to-the product development stage. To estimate sales, the company might look at the sales history of similar products and conduct surveys of market opinion. It can then estimate minimum and maximum sales to assess the range of risk. After preparing the sales forecast, management can estimate the expected costs and profits for the product including marketing RD operations accounting and finance costs. The company then uses the sales and costs figures to analyze the new products financial attractiveness. Estimate likely selling price based upon competition and customer feedback Estimate sales volume based upon size of market and such tools as the Fourt-Woodlock equation Estimate profitability and breakeven point Product development So far for many new product concepts the product may have existed only as a word a thawing or perhaps a crude mock-up If the product concept passes the business test it moves into product development Here RD or engineering develops the product concept into a physical product. The product development step however now calls for a large jump in investment It will show whether the product idea can be turned into a work able product. The RD department will develop and test one or more physical versions of the product concept RD hopes to design a prototype that will satisfy and excite consumers and that can be produced quickly aid at budgeted costs. Developing a successful prototype can take days, weeks, months, or even years. Often products under go rigorous tests to make sure that they perform safely and effectively, or that consumers will find value in them. Here are some examples of such product tests: Procter Gamb1e (PG)spends $150 million on 4,000 to 5 0O studies a year test in everything from the ergonomics of picking up a shampoo bottle to how long women can keep their hands in sudsy water. On any given day subjects meet an focus groups e11 their dirty laundry to researchers put prototype diapers on their babies bottoms and rub mysterious creams on their faces Last year one elementary school raised $17000 by having students and parents take part in PG product tests Students tested toothpaste and shampoo and ate brownies while their mothers watched advertising for Tempo tissue PG s paper wipes packaged to fit in a car. At Gillette almost everyone gets involved in new product testing. Every working day at Gillette, 200 volunteers from various departments come to work unshaven troop to the second floor of the companys gritty South Boston plant and enter small booths with a sink and mirror. There they take instructions from technicians on the other side of a small window as to which razor, shaving cream or after shave to use The volunteers evaluate razors for sharpness of blade, smoothness of glide and ease of handling In a nearby shower room women perform the same ritual on their legs, underarms and what the company delicately refers to as the bikini area. We bleed so you. 11 get a good shave at home says one Gillette employee. Test marketing If the product passes functional and consumer tests, the next step is test marketing the stage at which the product and marketing program are introduced into more realistic market settings. Test marketing gives the marketer experience with marketing the product before going to the great expense of full introduction. It lets the company test the product and its entire marketing program-positioning strategy advertising distribution pricing branding and packaging and budget levels. The amount of test marketing needed varies with each new product Test marketing costs can be high, and it takes time that may allow competitors to gain advantages. Produce a physical prototype or mock-up Test the product (and its packaging) in typical usage situations Conduct focus group customer interviews or introduce at trade show Make adjustments where necessary Produce an initial run of the product and sell it in a test market area to determine customer acceptance When the costs of developing and introducing the product are low or when management as already confident about the new product the company may do little or no test marketing In fact test marketing by consumer package-goods firms has been declining in recent years Companies often do not test market simple line extensions or copies of successful competitor products For example. PG introduced its Folgerss decaffeinated coffee crystals without test marketing and Pillsbury rolled out Chewy granola bars and chocolate covered Granola Dips with no standard test market. However when introducing a new product requires a big investment or when management is not sure of the product or marketing program a company may do a lot of test marketing. For instance Lever USA spent 2 years testing its highly successful Lever 2000 bar soap in Atlanta before introducing it internationally. Frito-Lay did 18 months of testing in three markets on at least five formulations before introducing its Baked Lays lin e of low fat snacks. And Nokia test-marketed its N-Gage cell phone/mobile game player extensively in London before introducing it worldwide. Standard test Marketing Using standard test markets, the company finds a small number of representative test cities conducts a full marketing campaign in these cities and uses store audits consumer and distributor surveys, and other measures to gauge product performance. The results are used to forecast national sales and profits discover potential product problems and fine tune the marketing program. Standard test markets have some drawbacks. They can be very costly and they may take a long time-some last as long as 3 to 5 years Moreover competitors can monitor test market results or even interfere with them by cutting their prices in test cities increasing their pro motion or even buying up the product being tested. Finally test market give competitors a look at the companys new product well before it is introduced nationally Thus competitors may have tune to develop defensive strategies and may even beat the company s product to the market For example while CLOROXÂ ® was still test marketing its new detergent with bleach in selected markets PG launched Tide with Bleach nationally Tide with Bleach quickly became the segment leader GLOROXÂ ® later withdrew its detergent Despite these disadvantages standard test markets are still the most widely used approach for major in-market testing However many companies today are shifting toward quicker and cheaper controlled and simulated test marketing methods. Control Test Marketing Several research firms keep controlled panels of stores that have agreed to carry new products for a fee Controlled test marketing systems like ACNielsens Scan track and Information Resources Inc s (IRI) Behavior Scan track individual consumer behavior for new products from the television set to the checkout counter. In each Behavior Scan market WI maintains a panel of shoppers who report all of their purchases by showing an identification card at check-out in participating stores and by using a handheld scanner at home to record purchases at nonparticipating stores. With in test stores, IRI controls such factors as shelf placement price and ia-store promotions for the product being tested IRI also measures TV viewing in each panel household and sends special commercials to panel member television sets Direct mail promotions can also be tested. Commercialization Commercialization is the process or cycle of introducing a new product into the market. The actual launch of a new product is the final stage of new product development, and the one where the most money will have to be spent for advertising, sales promotion, and other marketing efforts. In the case of a new consumer packaged good, costs will be at least $ 10 million, but can reach up to $ 200 million. In general one can say that it will cost about a dollar for each dollar of sales turnover achieved. Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing or business development. The Commercialization process has three key aspects: The funnel. It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or business that can be sustained long-term It is a stage-wise process and each stage has its own key goals and milestones It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers Commercialization of a product will only take place, if the following four questions can be answered: When? The company has to decide on the introduction timing. When facing the danger of cannibalizing the sales of the companys other products, if the product can be improved further, or if the economy is down, the launch should be delayed. Every single bank in Nigeria today has been commercialized. But its sad enough to know that most of these banks are not straight forward in their various dealings with their clines/customers. Where? The company has to decide where to launch its products. It can be in a single location, one or several regions, a national or the international market. This decision will be strongly influenced by the companys resources, in terms of capital, managerial confidence and operational capacities. Smaller companies usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger companies enter a national market at once. Global roll outs are generally only undertaken by multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter Gamble). Other multinationals use the lead-country strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive). To Whom? The primary target consumer group will have been identified earlier by research and test marketing. These primary consumer groups should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will ensure adoption by other buyers in the market place during the product growth period. How? The company has to decide on an action plan for introducing the product by implementing the above decisions. It has to develop a viable marketing mix and create a respective marketing budget. Test marketing gives management the information needed to make a final decision about whether to launch the new product. If the company goes ahead with commercialization- introducing the new product into the market-it will face high costs The company may have to build or rent a manufacturing facility. And it may have to spend in the case of a new consumer packaged good between $10 million and $200 million for advertising sales promotion, and other marketing efforts in the first year. The company launching a new product must first decide on introduction timing. If DaimlerChrysler s new fuel cell electric car will eat into the sales of the company s other cars its introduction may be delayed If the car can be improved further, or if the economy is down, the company may wait until the following year to launch it. Next, the company must decide where to launch the new product-in a single location, a region the national market or the international market. Few companies have the confidence capital and capacity to launch new products into full national or international distribution. They will develop a planned market rollout over time. In particular small companies may enter attractive cities or regions one at a time Larger companies, however may quickly intro- 1uce new models into several regions or into the full national market. There are the following step of commercialization. Launch the product Produce and place advertisements and other promotions Fill the distribution pipeline with product Critical path analysis is most useful at this stage Organizing for new product Development Many companies organize their new product development process into the orderly sequence of starting-with idea generation and ending with commercialization Under this sequential product development approach one company department works individually to complete its stage of the process before passing the new product along to the development next department and stage. This orderly step-by step process can help bring control to complex and risky projects. But it also can be dangerously slow. In fast changing highly competitive works markets such slow but sure product development can result in pro4uct failures lost sales arid profits and crumbling market positions Speed to market and reducing new product development cycle time have become pressing concerns to companies in all industries. In order to get their new products to market more quickly many companies are adopting a faster team-oriented approach called simultaneous product development (or team bad or collaborative product-development) Under this approach company departments work closely together through cross functional teams overlapping the steps in the product development process to save time and increase effectiveness Instead of passing the new product from department to department the company assembles a team -of people from various departments that Stays with the new product from start to finish. Such teams usually include people from the marketing finance design, manufacturing and legal departments and even supplier and customer companies. top management gives the product development team general strategic direction but no clear cut product idea or work plan It challenges the team with stiff and seemingly contradictory goals- turn out carefully planned and superior new products but do it quickly -and then givers the team whatever freedom and resources it needs to meet the challenge In the sequential process a bottleneck at one phase can seriously slow the entire protect In the simultaneous approach, if one functional area hits snags it works to resolve them while the team moves on. The Data Collection Primary Data BOOKS Principal of Marketing (Eleventh Edition) Part III Chapter# 9 Page # 274,276,280,282 Web site www.learnmarketing.net www.wikipedia.org www.infotrends.com Secondary Data Organization PG Pakistan Private (Ltd